Earthquake causes and effects pdf

The ground ruptures at this spot, then seismic waves radiate outward in all directions. Now lets take a look at an earthquakes effects on the natural and built environments. Apr 15, 2019 read details causes of earthquake in nepal. This article talks about earthquakes, its magnitude scale, causes, types, etc. Every year it causes a huge loss of life and property all around the world. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving, but they get stuck at their edges due to friction. There are around 100 earthquakes each year of a size that could cause serious damage. Pdf landslide dams are potentially dangerous obstructions caused by river blocking slope failures that occur frequently in tectonically active. An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault.

The major cause of damage and injury following earthquakes is elastic vibration, rather than fault displacement. The list of some of the main effects caused by earthquakes are given below. Effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon. Defining an earthquake defining an earthquake an earthquake is a natural occurrence, like rain. The crests of these waves can exceed heights of 25 meters on reaching shallow. Objectives participating in this lesson will help students to.

When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earths crust and cause. Several buildings collapsed, schools, hospitals, whole city destroyed due to it. Considerable work has been done in seismology to explain the characteristics of the recorded ground motions in earthquakes. Liquefaction and subsidence of the ground are important effects which often are the cause of much destruction in earthquakes, particularly in unconsolidated ground. If drainage is unable to occur, the tendency to decrease in volume results in an increase in pore pressure. The sudden shaking or rolling of the earths surface is called an earthquake. Radiating out from the epicenter, surface waves move the ground up and down and side to side, which is what causes all the damage an earthquake produces. Volcanic earthquakes a volcano earthquake is an earthquake induced by the movement injection or withdrawal of magma. All key factors and illustrations surrounding the causes, effects, and solution will be explained in detail to provide a complete understanding of how earthquakes are formed. Such knowledge is needed to predict ground motions in future earthquakes so that earthquake resistant structures can be designed. Earth was hot when it formed, and has been cooling ever since near the surface, for each km into earth, the temperature rises by about 30deg. Over the course of geological time, earthquakes, floods, and other natural events have helped to shape the surface of our planet. The natural cause of earthquakes was little understood.

Earthquake is a phenomenon generally considered in the context of volcanic activity. Includes guided textmarking practice and comprehension questions that help students compare and contrast the topic. Settlement of floodplain areas is a major cause of floodplain areas is a major cause of flood damage. Actually earthquakes occur daily around the world according to one estimate, about 8000 occur every year, but most of them are too mild to be noticeable. Due to the construction of marathon dam in 1929, there was a severe earthquake in greece in 1931.

If stress is not equal from all directions then the stress is a differential stress. Earthquakes are one of the most dangerous natural disasters on earth. Causes, consequences, prediction, and response boris w. The energy from the earth moving causes everything around that spot to shake. The forces that cause deformation are referred to as stresses. Earthquake protection, definition, causes, effects, precaution. Rupture causes problems for humans by, well, rupturing things. An earth quake can be defined as a sudden violent shaking of the ground as a result of movements in the earths crust or volcanic action. Nepal seismic tremors happen as the aftereffect of push blaming on or close to the primary purpose interface between the subducting india plate and the superseding eurasia plate toward the north. In addition to physical damage, the destroyed infrastructure may cause the economies of the affected areas to suffer. Oct 16, 2019 earthquake effects we all know that the effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating.

Earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks. These natural disasters were exacerbated by additional disruptions from the collateral damage to a. In later sections of this course, we will take a closer look at evaluating a communitys safety. The disturbances inside the earth are called tectonic movements. The causes of earthquake are movements within the earths crust cause stress to build up at points of weakness, and rocks to deform. Descriptions as old as recorded history show the significant effects they have had on peoples lives. What is an earthquake and what causes them to happen. The gorkha 2015 earthquake is very unique and destroyed many houses and infrastructures. Earthquake is a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earths crust or volcanic action. Learn more about the causes and effects of earthquakes in this article.

Unit 3 earthquake causes and characteristics introduction in the last unit, we explored the historical importance and intent of executive order 12699. Earthquakes are caused by disturbances in the interior of the earth and other causes. Effects of the japanese earthquake and tsunami congressional research service 1 introduction the march 2011 great tohoku earthquake and tsunami struck the northeast coast of japan. To put it simple, earthquake is the shaking of the earth. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes.

They strike without warning and many of the earths earthquake zones coincide with areas of high population density. Earthquakes are caused by the sudden release of energy within some limited region of the rocks of the earth. Earthquakes an earthquake is shaking or trembling of the earths surface, caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement sudden release of energy in the earths crust shallowfocus earthquakes or upper mantle some shallowfocus and all intermediate and deepfocus earthquakes. Pictures that were once hanging so beautifully on the wall smash to the ground exploding into glittery slivers of broken glass, roadways break apart, engulfing whatever was in its path, never to be seen again. Forecasting earthquakes are a bit difficult but warning systems have been developed. To identify cause and effect as you read, remember. Liquefaction is when sediment grains are literally made to float in groundwater, which causes the soil to lose all its solidity. The primary effects of earthquakes are ground shaking, ground rupture, landslides. Causes of earthquakes article about causes of earthquakes. A foreshock happens before an even bigger earthquake.

Causes and effects of earthquakes engineering essay. Positive and negative effects of earthquakes sciencing. The earthquake effects, the type of damage associated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time anyone in croatia attempted to use earthquake statistics to estimate cumulative effects a building will have to withstand during its lifetime. After devoting my time in this research, i clearly understand the concept of how earthquakes are. Close reading this news article describes an earthquake that stopped the world series. Tsunamis tsunamis are longperiod waves generated by disturbances such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and undersea landslides.

In the earth the pressure due to the weight of overlying rocks is a uniform stress and is referred to as confining stress. While landslides are considered naturally occurring disasters, humaninduced changes in the environment have recently caused their upsurge. Causes, effects and geographical distribution of earthquakes. Earthquakes may cause landslips to dam rivers, which collapse and cause floods. The energy released from earthquakes fracture the surface of the earth. Causes, effects and types of landslides earth eclipse. Examples are therefore, as a result, because, so, and for. Knowing more about the effects of earthquakes helps us understand the mitigation steps that must be taken to protect a.

When it reaches the earths surface, an earthquake occurs which is in the form of ripples seismic waves of escaping energy. Again, areas with poor building standards suffer the most, although as evidenced by the case of japan, earthquakes can devastate developed economies as well. Until the 18th century, few factual descriptions of earthquakes were recorded. It affects the mental health and emotional health of people. Definition a sudden violent shaking of the ground, typically causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earths crust or volcanic action. To understand the cause of any earthquake, people should first understand that the earth is made up of four. Most earthquakes occur along zones where the earths crust is undergoing. It causes great damage to life and property of people living in coastal areas as well as to tourists. Then have students complete this activity about earthquakes. Let us see what earthquake is, its causes and effects, how earthquake is measured and also types of earthquakes. Tensional stress or extensional stress, which stretches rock. The nature and cause of earthquakes kitp online talks.

Earthquakes and volcanoes are examples of sudden movements which originate from inside the earth. The energy can be released by elastic strain, gravity, chemical reactions, or even the motion of massive bodies. Schematic drawing of the tsunami generation by the bottom oscillating motion in some instances, the earthquake may initiate faults and fractures in bottom rock. A seismograph, or seismometer, is an instrument used to. Tsunami caused by an earthquake in the sea near sumatra on 26th dec, 2004 hit southeast asian countries including india and sri lanka. Definition, causes, measures and other details with diagram. Discuss concepts of cause and effect as they pertain to a reading assignment. Earthquakes are caused due to sudden lateral or vertical movements in the crust of the earth. However, such earthquakes are of very small magnitude and do not cause any damage to life and property. An earthquake happens when two blocks of earth suddenly slip past each other. Levin encyclopedia of life support systems eolss figure 2.

Earthquakes are one of the most destructive mothernature disasters in the world. Earthquake in many cases, can cause great loss of life. Unit 4 earthquake effects introduction in the last unit, we looked at the causes and characteristics of earthquakes. The effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. An earthquake cause several impacts on the natural. The chief cause of the earthquake shocks is the sudden slipping of rock formations along faults and fractures in the earths crust. This will protect us from the losses and help to cope up with these hazards.

Defining an earthquake an earthquake is a natural phenomenon like rain. Pdf understanding the causes and effects of earthquakeinduced. These forces bring about changes on the earth surface and physical features like mountains, plateaus and rift valleys are formed. Cause and effect of earthquakes the ground trembles, shakes and growls. When there is sudden movement on the earths crust, earthquakes occur. The damage distribution indicates significant ground motion directivity which results more damage in the. Earthquakes are the result of slowmoving processes that operate within earth. This unit in the form of pdf file and covers basic concepts of causes of earthquake, its impacts and effects, plate tectonics, line of faults, various terminologies like epicenter, seismic waves etc this will be a great source for the teachers and students of grades 5th to 8th. Earthquake science explained is a series of short articles for students, teachers, and parents originally published as weekly features in the san francisco chronicle. Its like when youre teacher loses their marbles because youve asked them the same question 7 times in a row.

Larger earthquakes usually begin with slight tremors but rapidly take the form of one or more violent shocks, and end in vibrations of gradually diminishing force called aftershocks. Earthquakes gandhinagar institute of technology presented by. Jun 10, 2012 effects of an earthquake earthquake produces various damaging effect in the areas the act upon. These notes will also be useful for other competitive exams like banking po, ssc, and so on.

Now lets take a look at an earthquake s effects on the natural and built environments. An earthquake is shaking or trembling of the earths surface, caused by the seismic waves or earthquake waves that are generated due to a sudden movement sudden release of energy in the earths crust shallowfocus earthquakes or upper mantle some shallowfocus and all intermediate and deepfocus earthquakes. What is earthquake, its causes, effects, measurement. The report is intended to help students and others visualize what causes earthquake shaking and. Earthquake causes damage to the building, bridges, dams. Earthquake lesson plan the earthquake lesson plan provides teachers and students with an opportunity to investigate the 1989 newcastle earthquake through individual or classroom activities. Cause and effect why earthquakes occur how earthquakes are measured earthquake effects mitigation strategy earthquake time histories. The movement of earths crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. Earthquakes in history the scientific study of earthquakes is relatively new. Pdf earthquake is one of the most devastating natural calamities which causes sudden shaking of the earth surface.

An earthquake is a sudden movement of the earth, caused by the sudden release of energy that has accumulated over a long period of time. Earthquake protection, definition, causes, effects. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake that releases energy in waves that travel through the earths crust and cause the shaking that we feel. Earthquakes affect almost every part of the earth and like rain they can be either mild or catastrophic. Jan 12, 2016 an earthquake also known as a quake, tremor or temblor is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the earths crust that creates. Although earthquakes cause death and destruction through such. The northridge event caused insurers to drastically rethink. The movement of earth s crust resulting from the release of built up potential energy between two stuck tectonic plates. Instructional material complementing fema 451, design examples earthquake mechanics 2 2 earthquakes. Mar 24, 2020 earthquake, any sudden shaking of the ground caused by the passage of seismic waves through earths rocks.

Earthquakes are among the most deadly natural hazards. Strong ground motion during an earthquake can cause watersaturated, unconsolidated soil to act more like a dense fluid than. Long before there were scientific theories for the cause of earthquakes. Earthquakes mechanics and effects civil engineering. The stored energy is suddenly released as an earthquake. Tectonic earthquakes a tectonic earthquake is one that occurs when the earths crust breaks due to geological forces on rocks and adjoining plates that cause physical and chemical changes. Causes and measurements earthquakes the objectives of this part of the course will to be gain an understanding of the science of earthquakes so that we can answer the following questions. This is because they strike with little or no warning, and can cause catastrophic damage. Many building, hospitals, schools, etc are destroyed due to it. Although the causes of landslides are wide ranging, they have 2 aspects in common. Instructional material complementing fema 451, design examples earthquake mechanics 2 21 if a saturated sand is subjected to ground vibrations, it tends to compact and decrease in volume. Causes of earthquake in nepal geographical analysis. The rippling effect is what causes the rapid and violent vibration of the earth surface earthquake, shaking and tearing everything on it including the earth surface itself, structures, and houses.

Proper strategies and awareness about disaster management is the need of the hour. When a big earthquake hits, it can be devastatingentire cities can be levelled, not to mention the loss of human lives. First we need some basic information about earthquakes and their effects on the built environment. Earthquake magnitude earthquake severity richter magnitude earthquake effects less than 3.

Can cause major damage to poorly constructed buildings over small regions. An earthquake is the shaking or trembling of the earth, caused by the sudden movement of a part of the earths crust. Earthquakes occur most often along geologic faults, narrow zones where rock masses move in relation to one another. One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and the terrible after effects.